The Republic of Indonesia unitary state (was shortened by NKRI or Indonesia or The Republic of Indonesia or RI) was the biggest archipelagic state in the world that was located in South - East Asia, in the equator between the Asian continent and Australia as well as between the Pacific Ocean and the Hindia Ocean. Because of this location that was between two continents, and two Ocean, that was acknowladged also as the Indonesian archipelago (The Antara Island). Indonesia shared a border with Malaysia in the Kalimantan Island, shared a border with Papua Nugini in the Papua Island and shared a border with Timor Leste in the Timor Island.
"Indonesian" words came from two greek words, that is Indos that meant "India" and nesos that meant the "Island". So Indonesian words meant the Indian Island, or the Island that was in the Indian territory.
The History
Under the influence of the Hindu religion and Buddha, several kingdoms were formed in the Sumatra Island and Java since the 7th age till the 14th age. The arrival of seaman Tiongkok that was led by the Admiral Cheng Ho / Zheng He, Arabian traders from Gujarat, India, afterwards brought the Islam religion.
When Europeans came at the beginning of the 16th age, they found several small countries. These small countries easily were in charge of by these Europeans who wanted to dominate the trade in spices. Portugis the first time landed in to Sundanese royal ports that is Banten and Sundanese Kelapa but could be expelled and moving to the east and controlled the Moluccas. In the 17th age, the Netherlands emerged as that was strongest between Europeans countries other, overcame Britania Raya and Portugal (except for their colony, East Timor). In the period so the Christian religion entered Indonesia as one of the missions from the Netherlands that were known as 3G, that is Gold, Glory and Gospel. The Netherlands were in charge of Indonesia as the colony until World War II, initially went throught VOC, and afterwards direct by by the Dutch government since the beginning the 19th age.
Under the Cultuurstelsel system in the 19th age, the big plantation and planting had be carried out in Java, finally produced the profit for the Netherlands that could not be produced by VOC. In the colonial government that was freer after 1870, this system was removed.
After 1901 Dutch sides introduced the Beretika policy, that including limited political reform and investment that were bigger in the Dutch East Indies.
In World War II, when the Netherlands were colonised by Germany, Japan was in charge of Indonesia. After getting Indonesia during 1942, Japan saw that the Indonesian fighters were the colleague of the cooperative and prepared trade mobilised the soldier when being needed. Soekarno, Mohammad Hatta, KH. Mas Mansur, and Ki Hajar Dewantara were given by the appreciation by Japanese Emperor during 1943.
In March 1945 Japan formed a committee for Indonesian independence; after the Pacific war ended during 1945, under the organisation pressure of the young man, the group headed by Soekarno proclaimed Indonesian Independence. In an effort to to be again in charge of Indonesia, the Netherlands sent their troops.
Bloody efforts to stifle the movement of this independence afterwards were known as "Police's action" (Politionele Actie). The Netherlands had finally accepted the Indonesian right to independent on December 27 1949 after receiving the pressure that was strong from the international circle, especially the United State. Soekarno became the first Indonesian President with Mohammad Hatta as the Vice President.
During the 1950's and in the 1960's, Soekarno's government began to follow the non-aligned movement initially and afterwards with the socialist bloc, for example Tiongkok and Yugoslavia. In the 1960's became the occurrence witness of the military confrontation against the neighbouring country, Malaysia (the Confrontation), and dissatisfaction towards the increasingly big economic difficulty. Further during 1965 erupted the incident G30S that caused the death 6 generals and several other middle officers.
Emerge the new strength that mentioned himself the Baru Order that immediately accused Communist Party Indonesia as the brain after this incident and meant overthrew the government that was legal as well as in place of the national ideology was based on the socialist-communists understanding. These charges were at the same time made the reason for replacing the old government under President Soekarno.
General Soeharto became the president during 1967 on the basis of to pacify the country from the communism threat. In the meantime Soekarno's physical condition currently personally increasingly weakened. After Soeharto had the power, hundreds of thousands of Indonesian residents who it was suspected were involved in the communist side were killed, now still many others the Indonesian resident that was being overseas, did not dare to return to the homeland, and finally was pulled out by his citizenship. 32 Soeharto years of the aouthority period was named the Baru Order, while Soekarno's government's period was acknowledged as the Lama Order.
Soeharto applied economics neoliberal and succeeded in importing foreign investment that was big to enter Indonesia and produce the growth of big economics, althought not equitable, in Indonesia. At the beginning of the Baru Order regime the policy economy Indonesia was compiled by a group of the graduate's economists of the department of Californian University economics, Berkeley, that was called by the "Berkeley Mafia". However, Soeharto increased his wealth and his family throught the practice of corruption, collusion and nepotism that spread and he had finally been forced to descend from his position after the large-scale demonstration and the condition for the country's economics that worsened during 1998.
From 1998 to 2001, Indonesia had there president : Bacharuddin Jusuf (BJ) Habibie, Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati Sukarnoputri. During 2004 the general election one biggest day was in the world held and won by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Indonesia currently experiences problems of economics, politics and the dispute had nuances of the religion in the country, and several areas were trying to get independence, that is Aceh and Papua. East Timor finally official isolated him during 2002 after 24 years were united with Indonesia and 3 years under UN administration.
In December 2004 and in March 2005, Aceh and Nias were stricken by two big earthquakes that the total of them killed hundreds of thousands of souls. (saw Gempa Bumi Samudra Hindia 2004 and the Sumatra Earthquake in March 2005.) This incident was followed by the earthquake in Yogyakarta and the tsunami that bashed the Pangandaran coast and surrounding area, as well as the mud flood in Sidoarjo in 2006 that never will be solved.
"Indonesian" words came from two greek words, that is Indos that meant "India" and nesos that meant the "Island". So Indonesian words meant the Indian Island, or the Island that was in the Indian territory.
The History
Under the influence of the Hindu religion and Buddha, several kingdoms were formed in the Sumatra Island and Java since the 7th age till the 14th age. The arrival of seaman Tiongkok that was led by the Admiral Cheng Ho / Zheng He, Arabian traders from Gujarat, India, afterwards brought the Islam religion.
When Europeans came at the beginning of the 16th age, they found several small countries. These small countries easily were in charge of by these Europeans who wanted to dominate the trade in spices. Portugis the first time landed in to Sundanese royal ports that is Banten and Sundanese Kelapa but could be expelled and moving to the east and controlled the Moluccas. In the 17th age, the Netherlands emerged as that was strongest between Europeans countries other, overcame Britania Raya and Portugal (except for their colony, East Timor). In the period so the Christian religion entered Indonesia as one of the missions from the Netherlands that were known as 3G, that is Gold, Glory and Gospel. The Netherlands were in charge of Indonesia as the colony until World War II, initially went throught VOC, and afterwards direct by by the Dutch government since the beginning the 19th age.
Under the Cultuurstelsel system in the 19th age, the big plantation and planting had be carried out in Java, finally produced the profit for the Netherlands that could not be produced by VOC. In the colonial government that was freer after 1870, this system was removed.
After 1901 Dutch sides introduced the Beretika policy, that including limited political reform and investment that were bigger in the Dutch East Indies.
In World War II, when the Netherlands were colonised by Germany, Japan was in charge of Indonesia. After getting Indonesia during 1942, Japan saw that the Indonesian fighters were the colleague of the cooperative and prepared trade mobilised the soldier when being needed. Soekarno, Mohammad Hatta, KH. Mas Mansur, and Ki Hajar Dewantara were given by the appreciation by Japanese Emperor during 1943.
In March 1945 Japan formed a committee for Indonesian independence; after the Pacific war ended during 1945, under the organisation pressure of the young man, the group headed by Soekarno proclaimed Indonesian Independence. In an effort to to be again in charge of Indonesia, the Netherlands sent their troops.
Bloody efforts to stifle the movement of this independence afterwards were known as "Police's action" (Politionele Actie). The Netherlands had finally accepted the Indonesian right to independent on December 27 1949 after receiving the pressure that was strong from the international circle, especially the United State. Soekarno became the first Indonesian President with Mohammad Hatta as the Vice President.
During the 1950's and in the 1960's, Soekarno's government began to follow the non-aligned movement initially and afterwards with the socialist bloc, for example Tiongkok and Yugoslavia. In the 1960's became the occurrence witness of the military confrontation against the neighbouring country, Malaysia (the Confrontation), and dissatisfaction towards the increasingly big economic difficulty. Further during 1965 erupted the incident G30S that caused the death 6 generals and several other middle officers.
Emerge the new strength that mentioned himself the Baru Order that immediately accused Communist Party Indonesia as the brain after this incident and meant overthrew the government that was legal as well as in place of the national ideology was based on the socialist-communists understanding. These charges were at the same time made the reason for replacing the old government under President Soekarno.
General Soeharto became the president during 1967 on the basis of to pacify the country from the communism threat. In the meantime Soekarno's physical condition currently personally increasingly weakened. After Soeharto had the power, hundreds of thousands of Indonesian residents who it was suspected were involved in the communist side were killed, now still many others the Indonesian resident that was being overseas, did not dare to return to the homeland, and finally was pulled out by his citizenship. 32 Soeharto years of the aouthority period was named the Baru Order, while Soekarno's government's period was acknowledged as the Lama Order.
Soeharto applied economics neoliberal and succeeded in importing foreign investment that was big to enter Indonesia and produce the growth of big economics, althought not equitable, in Indonesia. At the beginning of the Baru Order regime the policy economy Indonesia was compiled by a group of the graduate's economists of the department of Californian University economics, Berkeley, that was called by the "Berkeley Mafia". However, Soeharto increased his wealth and his family throught the practice of corruption, collusion and nepotism that spread and he had finally been forced to descend from his position after the large-scale demonstration and the condition for the country's economics that worsened during 1998.
From 1998 to 2001, Indonesia had there president : Bacharuddin Jusuf (BJ) Habibie, Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati Sukarnoputri. During 2004 the general election one biggest day was in the world held and won by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Indonesia currently experiences problems of economics, politics and the dispute had nuances of the religion in the country, and several areas were trying to get independence, that is Aceh and Papua. East Timor finally official isolated him during 2002 after 24 years were united with Indonesia and 3 years under UN administration.
In December 2004 and in March 2005, Aceh and Nias were stricken by two big earthquakes that the total of them killed hundreds of thousands of souls. (saw Gempa Bumi Samudra Hindia 2004 and the Sumatra Earthquake in March 2005.) This incident was followed by the earthquake in Yogyakarta and the tsunami that bashed the Pangandaran coast and surrounding area, as well as the mud flood in Sidoarjo in 2006 that never will be solved.
0 comments:
Post a Comment